Animals prefer reinforcement that follows greater effort: Justification of effort or within-trial contrast?
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منابع مشابه
Animals Prefer Reinforcement that Follows Greater Effort: Justification of Effort or Within-Trial Contrast?
Justification of effort by humans is a form of reducing cognitive dissonance by enhancing the value of rewards when they are more difficult to obtain. Presumably, assigning greater value to rewards provides justification for the greater effort needed to obtain them. We have found such effects in adult humans and children with a highly controlled laboratory task. More importantly, under various ...
متن کاملSecond-order contrast based on the expectation of effort and reinforcement.
Pigeons prefer signals for reinforcement that require greater effort (or time) to obtain over those that require less effort to obtain (T. S. Clement, J. Feltus, D. H. Kaiser, & T. R. Zentall, 2000). Preference was attributed to contrast (or to the relatively greater improvement in conditions) produced by the appearance of the signal when it was preceded by greater effort. In Experiment 1, the ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews
سال: 2013
ISSN: 1911-4745
DOI: 10.3819/ccbr.2013.80004